CONTENTS OF CLASS XI SYLLABUS<\/h3>\n
UNIT I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 General Introduction: Important and scope of chemistry.
\n\u2022 Laws of chemical combination, Dalton\u2019s atomic theory: concept of elements, atoms and molecules.
\n\u2022 Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.
\nUNIT II: Structure of Atom
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie\u2019s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbital, quantum numbers, shapes of s,p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals- Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principles and Hund\u2019s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals.
\nUNIT III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Modern periodic law and long form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements- atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence.
\nUNIT IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear
\ndiatomic molecules (qualitative idea only). Hydrogen bond.
\nUNITV: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, role of gas laws of elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle\u2019s law, Charle\u2019s law, Gay Lussac\u2019s law, Avogadro\u2019s law, ideal behaviour of
\ngases, empirical derivation of gas equation. Avogadro number, ideal gas equation. Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature.
\n\u2022 Liquid State- Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations).
\nUNITVI : Thermodynamics
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 First law of thermodynamics-internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of U and H, Hess\u2019s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of : bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution.
\n\u2022 Introduction of entropy as state function, Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity.
\n\u2022 Third law of thermodynamics- Brief introduction.
\nUNIT VII: Equilibrium
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium- Le Chatelier\u2019s principle; ionic equilibrium- ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of pH., Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea)., buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples).
\nUNIT VIII: Redox Reactions
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Concept of oxidation and oxidation and reduction, redox reactions oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electron and change in oxidation numbers.
\nUNIT IX: Hydrogen
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; hydrides ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water; hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions, uses and structure;
\nUNIT X: s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Group I and group 2 elements:
\n\u2022 General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens; uses.
\n\u2022 Preparation and Properties of Some important Compounds:
\n\u2022 Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium.
\n\u2022 Industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca.
\nUNIT XI: Some p-Block Elements
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 General Introduction to p-Block Elements.
\n\u2022 Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group; Boron, some important compounds: borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium: uses, reactions with acids and alkalis.
\n\u2022 General 14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first element. Carbon, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties: uses of some important compounds: oxides.
\n\u2022 Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites, their uses.
\nUNIT XII: Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 General introduction, methods of purification qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.
\n\u2022 Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation.
\n\u2022 Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radials, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.
\nUNIT XIII: Hydrocarbons
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Alkanes- Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis.
\n\u2022 Alkanes-Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation: chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov\u2019s addition and
\nperoxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition.
\n\u2022 Alkynes-Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of- hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.
\n\u2022 Aromatic hydrocarbons- Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene; resonance, aromaticity; chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution- Nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft\u2019s alkylation and acylation;
\ndirective influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity.
\nUNIT XIV: Environmental Chemistry
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Environmental pollution: Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global
\nwarming-pollution due to industrial wastes; green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution.
\nCONTENTS OF CLASS XII SYLLABUS
\nUNIT I: Solid State
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Classification of solids based on different binding forces; molecular, ionic covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density
\nof unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
\nUNIT II: Solutions
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties- relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult\u2019s law, elevation of boiling point, depression
\nof freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties abnormal molecular mass. Van Hoff factor.
\nUNIT III: Electrochemistry
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variation of conductivity with concentration, kohlrausch\u2019s Law, electrolysis and Laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell- electrolytic cells
\nand Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells; corrosion.
\nUNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction; concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision theory ( elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenious equation.
\nUNIT V: Surface Chemistry
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions- types of emulsions.
\nUNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Principles and methods of extraction- concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.
\nUNIT VII: p- Block Elements
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only); Phosphorous- allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCI3, PCI5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).
\n\u2022 Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses; classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur \u2013 allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: preparation, preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).
\n\u2022 Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid,
\ninterhalogen compounds oxoacids of halogens (structures only).
\n\u2022 Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.
\nUNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 General introduction, electronic configuration, characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals- metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and
\nproperties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
\n\u2022 Lanthanoids- electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
\n\u2022 Actinoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.
\nUNIT IX: Coordination Compounds
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Coordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism (structural and stereo) bonding, Werner\u2019s
\ntheory VBT,CFT; importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, biological systems).
\nUNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C \u2013X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation.
\n\u2022 Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only).
\n\u2022 Uses and environment effects of \u2013 dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
\nUNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to
\nmethanol and ethanol.
\n\u2022 Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
\n\u2022 Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties uses.
\nUNIT XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses.
\n\u2022 Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.
\nUNIT XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines.
\n\u2022 Cyanides and Isocyanides- will be mentioned at relevant places.
\n\u2022 Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
\nUNIT XIV: Biomolecules
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Carbohydrates- Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D.L. configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen): importance.
\n\u2022 Proteins- Elementary idea of \u2013 amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes.
\n\u2022 Hormones- Elementary idea (excluding structure).
\n\u2022 Vitamins- Classification and function.
\n\u2022 Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
\nUNIT XV: Polymers
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Classification- Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization. Some important polymers: natural and
\nsynthetic like polyesters, bakelite; rubber, Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.
\nUNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Chemicals in medicines- analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
\n\u2022 Chemicals in food- preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.
\n\u2022 Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.<\/p>\n
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