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BIOLOGY
\nCONTENTS OF CLASS XI SYLLABUS
\nUNIT I: Diversity in Living World
\nDetails:
\n\u2022 What is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domains of life;
\nTaxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy;
\nBinomial nomenclature; Tools for study of Taxonomy \u2013 Museums, Zoos,
\nHerbaria, Botanical gardens.
\n\u2022 Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista
\nand Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.
\n\u2022 Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes,
\nPteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (three to five salient and
\ndistinguishing features and at least two examples of each category); Angiospermsclassification
\nup to class, characteristic features and examples).
\n\u2022 Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and
\nchordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two
\nexamples).
\nUNIT II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
\nDetails:
\n\u2022 Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts
\nof flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and recemose,
\nflower, fruit and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the
\nPractical Syllabus).
\n\u2022 Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems
\n(digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect
\n(cockroach). (Brief account only)
\nUNIT III: Cell Structure and Function
\nDetails:
\n\u2022 Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and
\neukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell
\nwall; Cell organelles-structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic
\nreticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids,
\nFinal Syllabus for NEET-UG
\n24
\nmicro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and
\nfunction); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.
\n\u2022 Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of
\nproteins, carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme
\naction.
\n\u2022 B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.
\nUNIT IV: Plant Physiology
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell
\ntransport-Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant \u2013 water relations
\n\u2013 Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of
\nwater \u2013 Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and
\nguttation; Transpiration-Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and
\ntranslocation of mineral nutrients-Transport of food, phloem transport, Mass flow
\nhypothesis; Diffusion of gases (brief mention).
\n\u2022 Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role;
\nDeficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a
\nmethod to study mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle,
\nbiological nitrogen fixation.
\n\u2022 Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of
\nphotosynthesis take place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary
\nidea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non
\ncyclic and photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3
\nand C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.
\n\u2022 Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation
\n(anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations-
\nNumber of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory
\nquotient.
\n\u2022 Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and
\nplant growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and
\nredifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth
\nregulators-auxin,gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; Seed dormancy;
\nVernalisation; Photoperiodism.
\nUNIT IV: Human Physiology
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Digestion and absorption; Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive
\nenzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and
\nassimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Caloric value of proteins,
\ncarbohydrates and fats; Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders \u2013 PEM,
\nindigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea.
\n\u2022 Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory
\nsystem in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of
\ngases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders
\nrelated to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.
\n\u2022 Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of
\nblood; Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-Structure of
\nhuman heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double
\ncirculation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system-
\nHypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.
\n\u2022 Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism,
\nureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system-structure and fuction; Urine
\nformation, Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial
\nNatriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion;
\nDisorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial
\nkidney.
\n\u2022 Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, fiagellar, muscular;
\nSkeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its
\nfunctions (To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints;
\nDisorders of muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular
\ndystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.
\n\u2022 Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humanscentral
\nnervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system;
\nGeneration and conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action; Sense organs; Elementary
\nstructure and function of eye and ear.
\n\u2022 Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human
\nendocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal,
\nPancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones
\nas messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common
\ndisorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes,
\nAddison\u2019s disease).
\n(Imp: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)
\nCONTENTS OF CLASS XII SYLLABUS
\nUNIT I: Reproduction
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all
\norganisms for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction \u2013 Asexual and
\nsexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes-Binary fission, sporulation, budding,
\ngemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.
\n\u2022 Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male
\nand female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding
\ndevices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events-
\nDevelopment of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of
\nfruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of
\nseed and fruit formation.
\n\u2022 Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic
\nanatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis;
\nMenstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation,
\nimplantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition
\n(Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).
\n\u2022 Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually
\ntransmitted diseases (STD); Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and
\nMedical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted
\nreproductive technologies \u2013 IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general
\nawareness).
\nUNIT II: Genetics and Evolution
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism-
\nIncomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood
\ngroups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome
\ntheory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans,
\nbirds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance-Haemophilia,
\nColour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal
\ndisorders in humans; Down\u2019s syndrome, Turner\u2019s and Klinefelter\u2019s syndromes.
\n\u2022 Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic
\nmaterial; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central
\ndogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation-
\nLac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing.
\n\u2022 Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological
\nevolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular
\nevidence); Darwin\u2019s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution;
\nMechanism of evolution-Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural
\nSelection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift;
\nHardy-Weinberg\u2019s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.
\nUNIT III: Biology and Human Welfare
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria,
\nFilariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring
\nworm); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS;
\nAdolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.
\n\u2022 Improvement in food production; Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell
\nprotein, Biofortification; Apiculture and Animal husbandry.
\n\u2022 Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production,
\nsewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.
\nUNIT IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant
\nDNA technology).
\n\u2022 Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and
\nvaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops;
\nTransgenic Animals; Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.
\nUNIT V: Ecology and environment
\nDetails:-
\n\u2022 Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological
\nadaptations; Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation,
\nparasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age
\ndistribution.
\n\u2022 Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow;
\nPyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and
\nphosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological Services-Carbon fixation,
\npollination, oxygen release.
\n\u2022 Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of
\nBiodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity
\nconservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book,
\nbiosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries.
\n\u2022 Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its
\ncontrol; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive
\nwaste management; Greenhouse effect and global warning; Ozone depletion;
\nDeforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental
\nissues.<\/p>\n
NEET 2024 Syllabus for Biology<\/p>\n